Outdoor tourism in the North of Portugal from the perspective of Tourist Entertainment Companies (TEC)

Oliva M. D. Martins, Alcina Nunes, Elvira Vieira, Susana Rachão, Alexandra Correia, Manuel Fonseca, Goretti Silva, Sónia Santos, Cláudia Veloso, Fernanda A Ferreira, Paulo Carrança, Paula Odete Fernandes

Abstract


Based on the perception of those responsible for Tourist Entertainment Companies (TEC), the objective of the research is to contribute to the characterization of Outdoor Tourism (OT). Exploratory qualitative research was carried out through 38 in-depth individual interviews. The territory geography, the experiences, and the internal market were considered relevant aspects. In addition, seasonality and climate were identified as significant factors in defining the offer, which can favour the preservation of the environment. Moreover, the risk of the activities was considered low. The interviewees suggested integrating everyone involved in a network to explore the region's potential, as well as to support activities and promote the region. The radical experience, adventure, and getting out of the routine were identified as motivations for the search, as well as contact with nature and the landscape. The research is limited to the North Region of Portugal, and it brings together the most different needs, desires, and expectations for tourism demand. Strengthening OT can favour employability and, consequently, economic and social balance while promotion of the activity can be explored through the customers' previous experience. The evaluations, testimonials, and word of mouth (WOM) being added value that can be optimized through social networks and digital marketing.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Aven, T. (2012). The risk concept-historical and recent development trends. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 99, 33-44. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006. [Accessed 30/09/2020]

Batista, E., Matos, L., & Nascimento, A. (2017). A entrevista como técnica de investigação na pesquisa qualitativa. Revista Interdisciplinar Científica Aplicada, Blumenau, v.11, n.3, p.23-38, TRI III. ISSN 1980- 7031

Booth, K. (2018). Thinking through lines: locating perception and experience in place. Qualitative Research, 18(3), 361-379.

Chen, X., Mak, B., & Kankhuni, Z. (2020). Storytelling approach of the self-reported slow adventure to Tibet: Constructing experience and identity. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100679.

Davitti, E. (2019). Methodological explorations of interpreter-mediated interaction: novel insights from multimodal analysis. Qualitative Research, 19(1), 7-29.

Deterding, N. & Waters, M. (2018). Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: A twenty-first-century approach. Sociological methods & research, 0049124118799377.

Doran, A., Schofield, P., & Low, T. (2020). Women’s mountaineering: accessing participation benefits through constraint negotiation strategies. Leisure Studies, 1-15.

Du, J., Buckley, R., & Tang, Y. (2016). Cultural differentiation in product choice by outdoor tourists. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(2), 177-187. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1147212.

Dube, K., & Nhamo, G. (2020). Vulnerability of nature-based tourism to climate variability and change: Case of Kariba resort town, Zimbabwe. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, 100281.

European Parliament [EP] and Council of the European Union [CEU] [EP CEU] (2017). Regulation of the european parliament and of the council amending regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 as regards the territorial typologies (tercet). IMMC: PE 49 2017 REV 1. CONSIL: PE_49_2017_REV_1. Available from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/5337b2a5-e17d-11e7-9749-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-157116136 [Accessed 18/09/2020].

Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 00149.

Farkic, J. (2020). Challenges in outdoor tourism explorations: an embodied approach. Tourism Geographies, 1-21.

Faullant, R., Matzler, K., & Mooradian, T. A. (2011). Personality, basic emotions, and satisfaction: Primary emotions in the mountaineering experience. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1423-1430.

Fernandes, P. O., Nunes, A. M., Veloso, C. M., Santos, E., Ferreira, F. A., & Fonseca, M. J. (2020). Spatial and temporal concentration of tourism supply and demand in Northern Portugal. Application of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. In Advances in Tourism, Technology and Smart Systems (pp. 263-273). Springer, Singapore.

Hair Jr, J. F.c Celsi, M. W., Money, A. H., Samuel, P. & Page, M. (2015). “Essentials of business research methods”. Second Edition Routledge New York, EUA.

Hair Jr, J. F., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2020). “Essentials of business research methods”. Fourth Edition Routledge. New York, EUA.

Hao, X., Wu, B., Morrison, A. M., & Wang, F. (2016). Worth thousands of words? Visual content analysis and photo interpretation of an outdoor tourism spectacular performance in Yangshuo-Guilin, China. Anatolia, 27(2), 201-213.

Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.

Jewitt, C., & Leder Mackley, K. (2019). Methodological dialogues across multimodality and sensory ethnography: digital touch communication. Qualitative Research, 19(1), 90-110.

Jirásek, I., & Hanuš, M. (2020). “General Frost”: A Nature-Based Solution and Adventure Tourism: A Case Study of Snowshoeing in Siberia. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 1096348020934530.

Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of consumer research, 4(1), 8-18.

Koenig‐Lewis, N., & Bischoff, E. E. (2005). Seasonality research: The state of the art. International journal of tourism research, 7(4‐5), 201-219.

Kallio, H., Pietilä, A. M., Johnson, M. & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide. Journal of advanced nursing, 72(12), 2954-2965.

Kuckartz, U. (2014). “Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice and using software”. Sage. IBN 978-1-4462-6774-5.

Lamb, J., Gallagher, M., & Knox, J. (2019). On an excursion through EC1: multimodality, ethnography and urban walking. Qualitative Research, 19(1), 55-70.

Lombard, M., Snyder‐Duch, J., & Bracken, C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research, 28(4), 587-604.

Mackenzie, S. H., & Kerr, J. H. (2013). Stress and emotions at work: An adventure tourism guide's experiences. Tourism Management, 36, 3-14.

Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. In “A companion to qualitative research”, Edited by Flick, U., von Kardoff, E. and Steinke, I. SAGE. 1(2004), 159-176.

Milena, Z., Dainora, G., & Alin, S. (2008). Qualitative research methods: A comparison between focus-group and in-depth interview. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(4), 1279-1283.

Musavengane, R. (2019). Using the systemic-resilience thinking approach to enhance participatory collaborative management of natural resources in tribal communities: Toward inclusive land reform-led outdoor tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 25, 45-56.

Musavengane, R., Siakwah, P., & Leonard, L. (2020). The nexus between tourism and urban risk: Towards inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable outdoor tourism in African cities. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, 100254.

Neuman, W. (2014). “Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches” (7th ed.). Essex, England: Pearson.

Niezgoda, A., & Nowacki, M. (2020). Experiencing Nature: Physical Activity, Beauty and Tension in Tatra National Park-Analysis of TripAdvisor Reviews. Sustainability, 12(2), 601.

Pomfret, G. & Bramwell, B. (2016). The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: A review and analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(14), 1447-1478.

Pomfret, G. (2006). Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research. Tourism management, 27(1), 113-123.

Rahimizhian, S., Ozturen, A., & Ilkan, M. (2020). Emerging realm of 360-degree technology to promote tourism destination. Technology in Society, 63, 101411.

Naidoo, P., Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, N. V., & Janvier, S. (2015). Investigating the motivation of baby boomers for adventure tourism. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175(Feb), 244-251.

Rantala, O., Hallikainen, V., Ilola, H. & Tuulentie, S. (2018). The softening of adventure tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(4), 343-361.

Reid, P., & Kampman, H. (2020). Exploring the psychology of extended-

period expeditionary adventurers: Going knowingly into the unknown. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 46, 101608.

Saló, A., Teixidor, A., Fluvià, M., & Garriga, A. (2020). The effect of different characteristics on campsite pricing: Seasonality, dimension and location effects in a mature destination. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, 100263.

Sand, M., & Gross, S. (2019). Tourism research on adventure tourism–Current themes and developments. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 28, 100261.

Šimková, E., & Holzner, J. (2014). Motivation of tourism participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 660-664

Silva, G., Correia, A. I., Vieira, E., & Soares, L. A. (2020). Perceived Impacts of Running Events in Protected Areas: The Case of Trans Peneda-Gerês at Peneda Gerês National Park, Portugal. In C. R. de Almeida, A. Quintano, M. Simancas, R. Huete, & Z. Breda (Eds.), Handbook of Research on the Impacts, Challenges, and Policy Responses to Overtourism (pp. 347–363). IGI Global.

Tsaur, S. H., Lin, W., & Liu, J. (2013). Sources of challenge for adventure tourists: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 38, 85-93.

Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2015). Life satisfaction and support for tourism development. Annals of tourism research, 50, 84-97.

Xiao, H., & Smith, S. (2006). Case studies in tourism research: A state-of-the-art analysis. Tourism management, 27(5), 738-749.




Copyright (c) 2021 European Journal of Applied Business and Management

 

European Journal of Applied Business and Management

ISSN: 2183-5594

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58869/EJABM

Indexing:

EBSCO | CROSSREF | GOOGLE SCHOLAR | LATINDEX | DRJI | ICI JOURNALS MASTER | REDIB | MIAR