Do Digital Marketing really boost city tourism? Evidences from Porto’s Experience
Abstract
Purpose: This article analyses the digital marketing strategy of Porto City, aiming at providing a theoretical and practical contribution on the importance of digital marketing tools to promote tourist destinations.
Methodology: The current study applies the case-study methodology using two sets of data: (1) semi-structured focused interviews were carried out with tourists and key players on the promotion of Porto as tourism destination; (2) information available on the official websites of “Porto Destination” management entities. A model on Search Engine Marketing and display advertising applied to tourism is proposed.
Findings: We found that these are very effective tools when it comes to attracting traffic to the destination websites, and that are likely to successfully explain the efficiency of the online promotion of a place. Another relevant result is the importance of the customization, which can be attained through the qualification of users and through the collected data on their preferences, through social networks and feedback.
Originality/value: The originality of the study stems from the adoption of the theoretical determinants used, the proposed model of analysis and the different theoretical bodies from where the constructs and relations were pulled out. This way the paper provides a new way to approach the problem of marketing a touristic destination.
Research limitations: Due to the difficulty to motivate tourists to participate in the interviews, the main limitation of the study is the number of interviews conducted.
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Tourist Destination, Online Promotion, Porto.
[PT]
Título: "O Marketing Digital realmente impulsiona o turismo na cidade? Evidências da experiência do Porto"
Resumo
Objetivos: Este artigo analisa a estratégia de marketing digital da Cidade do Porto, com o objetivo de fornecer uma contribuição teórica e prática sobre a importância das ferramentas de marketing digital para promover destinos turísticos.
Metodologia: O presente estudo aplica a metodologia de estudo de caso usando dois conjuntos de dados: (1) entrevistas semiestruturadas focadas foram realizadas com turistas e atores-chave na promoção do Porto como destino turístico; (2) informações disponíveis nos sites oficiais das entidades de gestão “Porto Destination”. Propõe-se um modelo de Search Engine Marketing e publicidade gráfica aplicada ao turismo.
Resultados: descobrimos que essas são ferramentas muito eficazes para atrair tráfego para os sites de destino e que provavelmente explicam com êxito a eficiência da promoção on-line de um local. Outro resultado relevante é a importância da customização, que pode ser alcançada através da qualificação dos usuários e dos dados coletados sobre suas preferências, através de redes sociais e feedback.
Originalidade/valor: A originalidade do estudo decorre da adoção dos determinantes teóricos utilizados, do modelo de análise proposto e dos diferentes corpos teóricos de onde os construtos e as relações foram extraídos. Dessa forma, o artigo fornece uma nova maneira de abordar o problema de comercializar um destino turístico.
Limitações: Devido à dificuldade de motivar os turistas a participar das entrevistas, a principal limitação do estudo é o número de entrevistas realizadas.
Palavras-chave: Marketing Digital, Destino Turístico, Promoção Online, Porto.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Almeida-Santana, A. & Moreno-Gil, S. (2017). New trends in information search and their influence on destination loyalty: Digital destinations and relationship marketing. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 6(2), 150–161.
Ashworth, G. & Dietvorst, A. (1995). Tourism and spatial transformations - implications for policy and planning. CAB International. Wallingford.
Bing, P., Fesenmaier, D.R., Law, R. & Xiang, Z. (2011). The Dynamics of Search Engine Marketing for Tourist Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 50(4), 365-377.
Bonoma, T.V. (1985). Case research in marketing: opportunities, problems, and a process. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(2), 199-208.
Bosomworth, D. & Chaffey, D. (2014). Digital Marketing Strategy Guide - Your companion to creating or updating your online marketing strategy. Smart Insights.
Câmara Municipal do Porto. (2015). Notícias. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.porto.pt/noticias/mais-de-26-milhoes-de-dormidas-de-turistas-registadas-no-porto-e-norte-durante-os-primeiros-dez-mes.
Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Johnston, K. & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2003). Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Chaffey, D. & Smith, P. (2008). EMarketing eXcellence-Planning and Optimizing your Digital Marketing. Third Edition, New York: Routledge.
Court, D.E., D.; Mulder, S. & Vetvik, O.J. (2009). The consumer decision journey. McKinsey Quarterly [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/marketing_sales/the_consumer_decision_journey, at 09/10/2015.
Dellarocas, C. (2003). The digitization of word of mouth: Promise and challenges of online feedback mechanisms. Management Science, 49(10), 1407–1424.
Edwards, S.M., Li, H., and Lee, J.-H. (2002). Forced exposure and psychological reactance: Antecedents and consequences of the perceived intrusiveness of pop-up ads. Journal of Advertising, 31(3), 83–95.
European Best Destinations. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.europeanbestdestinations.com/top/europe-best-destinations-2014 at 05/01/2016.
Eurostat (2014). Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=0&pcode=tin00127&language=en&toolbox=sort, at 04/11/2014.
Frıas, D.M., Rodríguez, M.A. & Castañeda, J.A. (2008). Internet vs. travel agencies on pre-visit destination image formation: An information processing view. Tourism Management, 29(1), 163–179.
Goodall, B. and Ashworth, G. (1990). Marketing considerations. In Goodall, B. and Ashworth, G. Marketing in the Tourism Industry - the promotion of destination regions. Billings & Sons Limited. Worcester.
Hays, S., Page, S. J. and Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239.
Internet Bureau of Investigation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.iab.net/ at 15/11/2015.
IPDT- Instituto do Turismo (2014). O Perfil do Turista que visita o Porto e Norte de Portugal.
IPDT-Instituto do Turismo (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ipdt.pt/press_noticias.php?l=pt&i=69&p=1 at 07/01/2015.
Jacobsen, J.K.S., & Munar, A.M. (2012). Tourist information search and
destination choice in a digital age. Tourism Management Perspectives, 1(1), 39–47.
Latorre, A. (2003). La Investigación-Acción. Carcelo: Graó.
Kotler, P. (2013). Retrieved from http://philipkotler2013.blogspot.pt/2011/11/top-10-marketing-trends-for-upcoming.html at 06/12/2014.
Kotler, P., Asplund, C., Rein, I. & Haider, D. (1999). Marketing Places Europe, How to Attract Investments, Industries, Residents and Visitors to Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations in Europe. London: Prentice Hall,.
Kotler, P., Haider, D. & Rein, I. (1993). Marketing places. New York: The Free Press.
Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Brady, M., Goodman, M. and Hansen, T. (2009). Marketing Management. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Kim, H., and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008). Persuasive design of destination web sites: An analysis of first impression. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 3–13.
Madasu, P. (2013) Social Media Marketing and Promotion of Tourism. Management Insight, IX(1), 71-80.
Matloka, J. & Buhalis, D. (2010). Destination marketing through user personalised content (UPC). Paper presented at the international conference on information and communication technologies in tourism, Feb 10–12, 2010, Lugano, Switzerland.
Li, S.C.H., Robinson, P. & Oriade, A. (2017). Destination marketing: The use of technology since the millennium. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 6(2), 95-102.
Munar, A. M. (2012). Social Media Strategies and Destination Management. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(2), 101-120.
Narangajavana, Y., Callarisa Fiol, L.J., Moliner Tena, M.Á., Rodríguez Artola, R.M. & Sánchez García, J. (2017). The influence of social media in creating expectations. An empirical study for a tourist destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 65(July), 60–70.
Nielsen. (2011). Beyond clicks and impressions: examining the relationship between online advertising and brand building. The Nielsen Company.
PWC. (2014). Desafios do Turismo em Portugal 2014. Retrieved from http://www.pwc.pt/pt_PT/pt/publicacoes/imagens/2014/pwc_desafios_do_turismo.pdf at 23/11/2015.
PWC. (2014). Hospitality & leisure. Room to grow- European cities hotel forecast 2014. Retrieved from http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/hospitality-leisure/pdf/pwc-european-cities-hotel-forecast-2014-and-2015.pdf at 15/01/2015.
Ranchhod, A. (2007). Developing mobile marketing strategies. International Journal of Mobile Advertising, 2, 76–83.
Rowley, J. (2004). Just another channel? Marketing communications in e-business. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 22(1), 24–41.
Schegg R., Liebrich A., Scaglione M., Ahmad S.F.S. (2008) An Exploratory Field Study of Web 2.0 in Tourism. In: O’Connor P., Höpken W., Gretzel U. (eds) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2008. Vienna: Springe, 152-163.
Schmallegger, D. & Carson, D. (2008). Blogs in tourism: Changing approaches to information exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), 99–110.
Smith, K.T. (2010). Digital marketing strategies that Millennials find appealing, motivating, or just annoying. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(6), 489–499.
StepValue. (2014). Relatório Final campanhas marketing digital ARTP PNP 2013.
StepValue. (2015). Relatório Final campanhas marketing digital ARTP PNP 2014.
StepValue. (2015) Relatório Final campanhas marketing digital Visit Porto 2014.
Tham, A. G. J. (2013). Social media in destination choice: Distinctive electronic word-of-mouth dimensions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1/2), 144-155.
Tussyadiah, I.P. & Fesenmaier, D.R. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences: Access to places via shared videos. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 24–40.
Uşaklı, A., Koç, B. & Sönmez, S. (2017). How ‘social’ are destinations? Examining European DMO social media usage. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(2), 136–149.
Vaughan, P. (2012). An introduction to inbound marketing analytics. Hubspot.
Ward, S.V. (1998). Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850-2000. London: Routledge.
Welbourne, D.J. & Grant, W.J. (2016). Science communication on YouTube: Factors that affect channel and video popularity. Public Understanding of Science, 25(6), 706–718.
World Bank. (2014). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries?display=graph at 4/11/2015.
World Tourism Organization. (1995). Technical Manual - Concepts, Definitions and Classifications for Tourism Statistics, 1, 12 – 22.
World Tourism Organization. (2014). Retrieved from http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism at 20/11/2015.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods, 3rd Ed.. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Yin, R. K. (2004). The Case of Study Anthology. Sage Publications, Inc.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods, 4th ed., Los Angeles: Sage.
Zarzuela, M.M., Pernas, F.J.D., Calzón, S.M., Ortega, D.G. & Rodríguez, M.A. (2013). Educational tourism through a virtual reality platform. Procedia Computer Science, 25, 382-388.
Zeng, B. & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 10(April), 27-36.
Copyright (c)
European Journal of Applied Business and Management
ISSN: 2183-5594
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58869/EJABM
Indexing:
EBSCO | CROSSREF | GOOGLE SCHOLAR | LATINDEX | DRJI | ICI JOURNALS MASTER | REDIB | MIAR
