The value relevance of GRI reporting in European banks
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse whether sustainability reports published by listed banks following the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines provide incremental value to investors on the ten major European stock markets taking into account the international financial crisis and the legislative differences that still exist in Europe.
Design / Methodology / Approach: We employ the Ohlson’s valuation mode that is based on the premise that the market value of a firm is a function of its book value and its annual earnings, as well as other non-accounting information that may be considered relevant and increase the value of a company.
Findings: Our overall results show that the stock markets positively and significantly value this type of information. Moreover, our findings reveal that the financial crisis has not changed the preferences of investors for this type of information.
Originality / Value: Banks have an enormous impact on the economy, but also on society and, therefore, on different stakeholders. However, the value relevance for shareholders of sustainability disclosure has not been sufficiently researched. Previous studies analyse the social responsibility information published by financial institutions on their websites providing mixed results. By contrast, we take into account a set of standards which are widely applicable and reliable and provide conclusive results.
Keywords: Banks; sustainability reports; investor engagement; financial crisis.
[PT]
Título: "A relevância do valor dos relatórios da GRI em bancos europeus"
Resumo
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se os relatórios de sustentabilidade publicados pelos bancos listados, seguindo as diretrizes da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), agregam valor aos investidores das dez principais bolsas de valores da Europa, levando em consideração a crise financeira internacional e as diferenças legislativas que ainda existem na Europa.
Desenho/metodologia/abordagem: Empregamos o modo de avaliação de Ohlson, baseado na premissa de que o valor de mercado de uma empresa é uma função de seu valor contábil e de seus ganhos anuais, além de outras informações não contábeis que possam ser consideradas relevantes e aumentar o valor de uma empresa.
Resultados: Nossos resultados gerais mostram que os mercados de ações valorizam positiva e significativamente esse tipo de informação. Além disso, nossas descobertas revelam que a crise financeira não mudou as preferências dos investidores por esse tipo de informação.
Originalidade/valor: Os bancos têm um enorme impacto na economia, mas também na sociedade e, portanto, em diferentes partes interessadas. No entanto, a relevância do valor para os acionistas da divulgação de sustentabilidade não foi suficientemente pesquisada. Estudos anteriores analisam as informações de responsabilidade social publicadas pelas instituições financeiras em seus sites, fornecendo resultados mistos. Por outro lado, levamos em conta um conjunto de padrões que são amplamente aplicáveis e confiáveis e fornecem resultados conclusivos.
Palavras-chave: Banks; relatórios de sustentabilidade; engajamento do investidor; crise financeira.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alonso-Almeida, M.M., Llach, J. & Marimon, F. (2014). A closer look at the Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21 (6), 318-335. DOI: 10.1002/csr.1318
Adelopo, I.A. & Moure, R.C. (2010). Time and Country Specific Institutional Effects on Corporate Social Disclosure by Financial Institutions: Evidence from fourteen European Countries. SSRN working paper. URL:
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1719096
Aguilera, R.V., Rupp, D.E., Williams, C.A. & Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: a multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32 (3), 836-863. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.130
Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277-297. DOI: 10.2307/2297968
Barth, M.E. & Clinch, G. (2009). Scale effects in capital markets-based accounting research. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 36 (3&4), 253-288. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5957.2009.02133.x
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. & Levinem R. (2010). Financial institutions and markets across countries and over time: The updated financial development and structure database. World Bank Economic Review, 24, 77-92. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40647421
Belu, C. (2009). Ranking corporations based on sustainable and socially responsible practices. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Sustainable Development, 17 (4), 257-268. DOI: 10.1002/sd.390
Bowerman, S. & Sharman, U. (2016). The effect of corporate social responsibility disclosures on share prices in Japan and the UK. Corporate Ownership & Control, 13 (2), 202-216. DOI: 10.1108/PAR-05-2013-0047
Brown, H.S., de Jong, M. & Levy, D.L. (2009). Building institutions based on information disclosure: lessons from GRI’s sustainability reporting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17 (6), 571-580.
Carnevale, C. & Mazzuca, M. (2014). Sustainability report and bank valuation: evidence from European stock markets. Business Ethics: A European Review, 23 (1), 69-90. DOI: 10.1111/beer.12038
Carnevale, C., Mazzuca, M. & Venturini, S. (2012). Corporate social reporting in European banks: The effects on a firm’s market value. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 19 (3), 159-177. DOI: 10.1002/csr.262
Coulson, A.B. (2009). How should banks govern the environment? Challenging the construction of action versus veto. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18 (3), 149-161. DOI: 10.1002/bse.584
De Klerk, M., De Villiers, C. & Van Staden, C. (2015). The influence of corporate social responsibility disclosure on share prices. Evidence from the United Kingdom. Pacific Accounting Review, 27 (2), 208-228.
EBF – European Banking Federation (2008). Corporate social responsibility report. URL: http://www.ebf-fbe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/csr-2008-00975-01-E.pdf
European Commission (2001). Green Paper. Promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility. www.i-csr.org/repository/ECcom2001_0366en01. pdf
European Commission (2002). Communication form the commission concerning corporate social responsibility: a business contribution to sustainable development www.i-csr.org/repository/EC_com2002_0347en01.pdf
European Commission (2011). Comunication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibilitywww.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/com/com_com(2011)0681_/com_com(2011)0681_en.pdf
Healy, P.M. & Palepu, K.G. (2001). Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: a review of the empirical disclosure literature. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 31 (3), 405-440. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00018-0
Hu, V. & Scholtens, B. (2014). Corporate social responsibility policies of commercial banks in developing countries. Sustainable Development, 22, 276-288. DOI: 10.1002/sd.1551
Jeucken, M. (2001). Sustainable Finance and Banking: The Financial Sector and the Future of the Planet. London: Earthscan Publications.
Kaspereit, T. & Lopatta, K. (2016). The value relevance of SAM’s corporate sustainability ranking and GRI sustainability reporting in the European stock markets. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25 (1), 1-24. DOI: 10.1111/beer.12079
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. & Shleifer, A. (1999). Corporate ownership around the World. Journal of Finance, 54, 471-518. DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00115
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R.W. (2000). Investor protection and corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 58, 3-27. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00065-9
Levine, R. (2004). Finance and Growth, Theory and Evidence. NBER 10766 Working Paper. URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w10766
Levy, D.L., Brown, H.S. & de Jong, M. (2010). The contested politics of corporate governance: the case of the Global Reporting Initiative. Business & Society, 49 (1), 88-115. DOI: 10.1177/0007650309345420
Marimom, F., Alonso-Almeida, M.M., Rodriguez, M.P. & Cortez, C.A. (2012). The worldwide diffusion of the global reporting initiative: what is the point? Journal of Cleaner Production, 33, 132-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.017
Miralles-Quiros, M.M., Miralles-Quiros, J.L. & Arraiano, I. (2017). Are firms that contribute to sustainable development valued by investors? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 24 (1), 71-84 DOI: 10.1002/csr.1392
Ohlson, J.A. (1995). Earnings, book values and dividends in equity valuation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 11 (2), 661-686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1995.tb00461.x
Ohlson, J.A. (2001). Earnings, book values and dividends in equity valuation: An empirical perspective. Contemporary Accounting Research, 18 (1), 107-120. DOI: 10.1506/7TPJ-RXQN-TQC7-FFAE
Roca, L.C. & Searcy, C. (2012). An analysis of indicators disclosed in corporate sustainability reports. Journal of Cleaner Production, 20, 103-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.002
Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, P., Fuentes-García, F.J. & Sánchez Cañizares, S. (2013). Revelación de información sobre clientes, comunidad, empleados y medio ambiente en las entidades financieras españolas a través de las memorias de responsabilidad social corporativa (2007-2010). Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 19, 180-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.iedee.2012.12.002
Scholtens. B. (2006). Finance as a driver of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 19-33. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-006-9037-1
Scholtens, B. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in the international banking industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 159-175. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-008-9841-x
Scholtens, B. (2011). Corporate social responsibility in the international insurance industry. Sustainable Development, 19, 143-456. DOI: 10.1002/sd.513
Scholtens, B., Cerin, P. & Hassel, L. (2008). Sustainable development and socially responsible finance and investing. Sustainable Development, 16, 137-140. DOI: 10.1002/sd.359
Shen, C.H., Wu, M.W., Chen, T.H. & Fang, H. (2016). To engage or not to engage in corporate social responsibility: Empirical evidence from global banking sector. Economic Modelling, 55, 207-225. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2016.02.007
Sjöström, E. (2008). Shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility: what do we know? Sustainable Development, 16, 141-154. DOI: 10.1002/sd.361
Skouloudis, A., Evangelinos, K. & Kourmousis, F. (2009). Development of an evaluation methodology for triple bottom line reports using international standards on reporting. Environmental Management, 44, 298-311. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9305-9
Steurer, R., Martinuzzi, A. & Margula, S. (2012). Public policies on CSR in Europe: Themes, instruments, and regional differences. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 19 (4), 206-227. DOI: 10.1002/csr.264
Tagesson, T., Blank, V., Broberg, P. & Collin, S.O. (2009). What explains the extent and content of social and environmental disclosures on corporate websites: A study of social and environmental reporting in Swedish listed corporations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16 (6), 352-364. DOI: 10.1002/csr.194
Tsang, S., Welford, R. & Brown, M. (2009). Reporting on community investment. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16 (3), 123-136. DOI: 10.1002/csr.178
Weber, O., Diaz. M. & Schwegler, R. (2014). Corporate social responsibility of the financial sector – strengths, weaknesses and the impact of sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 22, 321-335. DOI: 10.1002/sd.1543
Wu, M.W. & Shen, C.H. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in the banking industry: motives and financial performance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37, 3529-3547. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.04.023
Copyright (c)
European Journal of Applied Business and Management
ISSN: 2183-5594
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58869/EJABM
Indexing:
EBSCO | CROSSREF | GOOGLE SCHOLAR | LATINDEX | DRJI | ICI JOURNALS MASTER | REDIB | MIAR
